" proteins "

[Noun]  | "protein S" 

1: a vitamin K-dependent, anticoagulant glycoprotein that acts chiefly in enhancing the ability of protein C to inactivate factor V and factor VIII

Origin: 1977 ;

 From eattle, Washington, location of the University of Washington, where the protein was first isolated and characterized;

  * Note : The name protein S was introduced in Richard D. Di Scipio, et al., "A Comparison of Human Prothrombin, Factor IX (Christmas Factor), Factor X (Stuart Factor), and Protein S," Biochemistry, vol. 16, no. 4 (February 22, 1977), p. 698: "The new protein was arbitrarily called protein S in reference to its isolation and characterization in Seattle. When its function is discovered, a more appropriate name can be assigned to this plasma protein.";

[Noun]  | "pro*tein" | \ ˈprō-ˌtēn \

1: any of various naturally occurring extremely complex substances that consist of amino-acid residues joined by peptide bonds, contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, usually sulfur, and occasionally other elements (such as phosphorus or iron), and include many essential biological compounds (such as enzymes, hormones, or antibodies)

2: the total nitrogenous material in plant or animal substances

3: a food (such as meat or tofu) that is rich in protein

Origin: 1886 ;

 Borrowed from French protéine, from Late Greek prōteîos "of the first quality" (from Greek prôtos "first, foremost" + -eios, adjective suffix, originally from s-stems) + -ine {see: |-ine:1|-ine:1} {mat|proto-|};

  * Note : The term protein was introduced by the Dutch chemist Johannes Gerardus Mulder (1802-80), as French protéine in the article "Sur la composition de quelques substances animales" (Bulletin des sciences physiques et naturelles en Néerlande, vol. 1 [1838], pp. 104-19), and as Dutch protein in the article "Over Proteine en hare Verbindingen en Ontleidingsproducten" (Natuur- en scheikundig Archief, vol. 6 [1838], pp. 87-162). Though Mulder in the beginning of the papers expresses gratitude to Jöns Jakob {berzelius|Berzelius:b} for his support, he does not mention any connection between Berzelius and the novel word. In the twentieth century, however, it was discovered that Berzelius had suggested the word to Mulder in a letter written July 10, 1838: "Le nom protéine que je vous propose pour l'oxyde organique de la fibrine et de l'albumine, je voulais le dériver de πρωτειος, parce qu'il paraît être la substance primitive ou principale de la nutrition animale que les plantes préparent pour les herbivores et que ceux-ci fournissent ensuite aux carnassiers." ("The name protein, which I propose for the organic oxide of fibrin and albumin, I wish to derive from prōteios, because it appears to be the primitive or principal substance of animal nutrition, which plants prepare for herbivores, and which the latter then provide for carnivores." — quoted in H.B. Vickery, "The origin of the word protein," Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine, vol. 22, no. 5 [May, 1950], pp. 387-93.) In the French article, Mulder glosses the word prōteîos with Latin primarius "primary": "The organic material, being a general principal of all the constituent parts of the animal body and being found, as we will see: later, in the vegetable kingdom, could be named protein from prōteîos …" ("La matière organique, étant un principe général de toutes les parties constituantes du corps animal, et se trouvant, comme nous verrons tantôt, dans le règne végétal, pourrait se nommer Protéine de πρωτεῖος primarius.") This appears to be Mulder's own interpretation of the Greek word, as the leading Greek dictionary of the time, Franz Passow's Handwörterbuch der griechischen Sprache (4. Ausgabe, 1831) defines it only as a masculine noun: "first rank, first place, primacy, priority" ("erster Rang, erster Platz, Vorrang, Vorzug"). For details, see: the article by H.B. Vickery cited above and Harold Hartley, "Origin of the Word 'Protein'," Nature, vol. 168, issue 4267 (August 11, 1951), p. 244.;

[Noun]  | "Bence-Jones protein" | \ ˈben(t)s-ˈjōnz- \

1: a polypeptide composed of one or two antibody light chains that is found especially in the urine of persons affected with multiple myeloma

Origin: 1905 ;

 Henry Bence-Jones †1873 English physician and chemist;

[Noun]  | "be*ta-am*y*loid" | \ ˈbā-tə-ˈa-mə-ˌlȯid \

1: an amyloid that is derived from a larger precursor protein and is the primary component of plaques characteristic of Alzheimer's disease —called also A-beta, amyloid beta, amyloid beta peptide, amyloid beta protein

Origin: 1987 ;

[Noun]  | "conjugated protein" 

1: a compound of a protein with a nonprotein

Origin: circa 1909 ;

[Noun]  | "C-re*ac*tive protein" | \ ˈsē-rē-ˈak-tiv- \

1: a protein present in blood serum in various abnormal states (such as inflammation or neoplasia) —abbreviation CRP

Origin: 1952 ;

 C-polysaccharide, a polysaccharide found in the cell wall of pneumococci and precipitated by this protein, from carbohydrate;

[Noun]  | "G protein" 

1: any of a class of cell membrane proteins that are coupled to cell surface receptors and upon stimulation of the receptor by an extracellular signaling molecule (such as a hormone or neurotransmitter) bind to GTP to form an active complex which mediates an intracellular event (such as activation of adenylate cyclase)

Origin: 1975 ;

 Uanosine triphosphate-binding protein;

[Noun]  | "heat shock protein" 

1: any of a group of molecular chaperones that are produced especially in cells subjected to stressful conditions (such as high temperature) and that serve to stabilize proteins and ensure proper assembly and folding of proteins

Origin: 1975 ;

[Noun]  | "prion protein" 

1: a glycoprotein found especially on the cell surface of neurons in the brain and spinal cord that sometimes occurs in an abnormal misfolded form which proliferates by inducing the normal protein to convert to the misfolded pathogenic form —abbreviation PrP

Origin: 1982 ;

[Noun]  | "silver protein" 

1: any of several colloidal light-sensitive preparations of silver and protein used in aqueous solution on mucous membranes as antiseptics

Origin: 1928 ;